See instructions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

See guidelines - Research Paper Example In authorizing this innovation to remote firms, the permitting firm has an opportunity to lose the innovation to the contender (Wuhan University of innovation, Para. 2). This is as the contender building up the innovation past the level that it was initially. Restrictive innovation is known to give an edge to the proprietor by preventing contenders from securing the advantages it brings to the table. Exclusive advances proprietors use them as a wellspring of income by controlling the market costs of their items, just as those of their rivals (Economides and Katsamakas, 2006, Para. 1058). In such cases, the innovation is utilized as a benchmark at advertise costs, and authorizing it would, in this way, be a negative mark to the proprietor. Simultaneously, permitting would be a decent open door for the proprietors to up their exhibition by expanding the degree of rivalry. With rivalry, they can give better items and administrations to customers (Business Wire, Para. 3). The preferred position is, in this manner, not lost at all. Rather, it rattles the contenders because of the likelihood that the innovation proprietors may have better arrangements. Authorizing exclusive innovation is an altogether loss of upper hand to the proprietors because of making an elective wellspring of innovation to purchasers. This is on the grounds that; authorizing makes the innovation open source. As indicated by considers, restrictive innovation will in general rule the market while open source is consistently an other participants in this way it ought to be maintained a strategic distance from at all expense (Economides and Katsamakas, 2006, p. 1059). Economides, N., and Katsamakas, E. (2006). Two-Sided Competition of Proprietary versus Open Source Technology Platforms and the Implications for the Software Industry. Management Science,â 52(7),

Organisation Behaviour Application of Employee Engagement

Question: Talk about the Organization Behavior for Application of Employee Engagement. Answer: 1. Use of worker commitment hypothesis to distinguish and talk about persuasive components that existed in old authoritative condition and the components that are expelled during Fionas initiative Authoritative conduct includes an investigation of the connection in the middle of various people inside a gathering. Authoritative conduct and representative commitment makes a satisfactory and ideal endeavor to give more proficiency inside the business association. Authoritative conduct is dependable to build up the whole settings of an association, interface in the middle of the specific association and human conduct. As per Mowday et al. (2013), an association connects with both the innovation and humankind for making progress and the focused on objective in future. Thusly, hierarchical conduct recommends a significant apparatus for a definitive advantage of a person. It likewise incorporates the fitting application and investigation of important information, which decide the principal activity of a person inside the association. During the old condition of XYZ advisors, the operational structure of the association was totally not quite the same as the new condition in Fionas Leadership. XYZ Training Consultants in spite of the fact that is medium measured association, which works its capacities in Malaysia and the originator Tim follows an open administration framework and style to elevate each staff to follow an ideal authoritative conduct as it underpins the workplace structure of the organization. In XYZ Training Consultants, the preparation plan is low in level and the staffs appreciate working life in more significant levels. Be that as it may, in light of the overwhelming work pressure, the staffs scarcely get time for proficient turn of events. During Tims initiative, each staff were urged to talk about any sort of issues with the administration, which is excused during Fionas authority. As the staffs were viewed as significant for keep up the workplace structure in the old condition of XYZ Consultant s, Fiona plans technique and powers the preparation experts to tail them. This procedure and practices makes a clashing domain among the staffs. Fiona modifies and revamps the association structure. Fiona set the preparation specialists independently on the third floor with different offices, for example, espresso machines, washroom and the HODs in the private office on ground floor of the organization. In any case, the preparation specialist griped that they got sick of Fiona and her executed guidelines as the yoga meetings of consistently, which causes them to unwind has been stopped and Fiona thought about it as an exercise in futility. Worker commitment hypothesis includes a developing working state and condition as it unmistakably decides social, enthusiastic, positive and psychological state, which makes a positive advance towards the compelling results of an association. Representative commitment hypothesis exclusively focuses on the basic activities and conduct rather than individual characteristics, abilities and information on each worker of an association as it has immense effect on the matter of the association. As opined by DuBrin (2013), this specific hypothesis additionally makes an accentuation on the exercises of the representatives and persuades them to turn into a prominent individual or if nothing else appreciate the situation of pioneer inside the association. Representative commitment hypothesis is firmly connected with the brain research of a worker as it clarifies the human conduct of each person, who performs jobs and obligations with the concerned association (Gallistel 2013). Correspondingly, XYZ Training Consultants consistently attempts to keep up legitimate hierarchical conduct with a severe after of this representative commitment hypothesis. Both Tim and his girl Fiona have clear and exhaustive information about the idea of hierarchical conduct and they attempt to execute assignments as per the support of representative commitment. XYZ Training Consultants takes a stab at extreme proficiency from everything about representatives and the ongoing investigations have been uncovered that there are different kinds of laborers and their relations with the chief, boss, associates and subordinates. Mark and Whitehead (2013) have referenced that leaders might be seen as forceful and ruling, who performs appointed activities in careful way and is regularly tormented by the others inside the association. Other sort of human conduct includes wanderer, assailant, entertainer, avider, achiever, logical and the pleaser. All these referenced human conduct are ordinarily accessible in the associations. Worker commitment hypothesis likewise recommends a specialty of accepting the possibility of a person inside an association while playing out some significant undertakings. A worker, group and their gathering work are firmly connected with an association and it is the significant investigation of representative commitment hypothesis. As contradicted by Prochaska (2013), the higher administration of an association consistently propose powerful techniques and ways to deal with manage each person with various human conduct. As indicated by Cummings and Worley (2014), proof based strategies and approaches incorporate an ideal blend of individual specialist ability, which accompanies proper outside proof for settling on extreme choices about introducing a few issues from the clients. XYZ Training Consultants includes usable and important data so as to make progression during the time spent picking up information since the underlying phase of preparing process. 2. Utilizing hierarchical equity and value hypothesis of inspiration, clarify and break down the conduct of preparing experts Hierarchical equity and value hypothesis focuses on the essential procedure of assurance of the dissemination assets, which have close connection to the balanced accomplices. Adams Equity Theory of inspiration adjusts estimated and aligned against the practically identical references inside a specific commercial center. Data sources and Outputs are associated with Equity Theory and if the contribution of a representative neglects to coordinate with the yield or the ideal outcome inside the association, at that point there is de-persuasive variables, which are employable. Information sources comprise of duty, unwavering quality, adaptability, resilience, exertion, time and individual penances, though, the yields include reward, installment, advantages, notoriety, improvement, security, advantage and obligation inside an association. Relational abilities propose the fundamental abilities, which are utilized by each worker of an association so as to cooperate and speak with different representatives inside the association. Brock et al. (2014) have referenced that both the relational and individual information and abilities are powerful and sufficient enough to deal with own self as well as other people inside the association. The staffs, Tim, and Fiona have created individual and relational aptitudes and information so as to take care of showed up issues in brief period with potential correspondence and connection strategies. Indeed, even XYZ Training Consultant enables their staffs with legitimate preparing for improving their relational and individual aptitudes and information so as to associate with clients, customers and partners as both of these abilities are not just significant for association conduct, notwithstanding, the public activities of the representatives can be profited likewise (Daft 2012). Fionas methodology is to give better chances and work routine for advancement and preparing. Be that as it may, the preparation experts were somewhat irate with Fiona in light of overwhelming weight and they began the more seasoned preparing bundles so as to meet the necessities of the clients. Relational and individual abilities and information draws in explanation, energy and unwinding methods so as to improve different degree of correspondence among the partners and higher administration of an association. Argote (2012) has established that the essentialness of relational expertise really encourages a representative to increase an ideal mindfulness so as to manage the undertakings inside the association. As XYZ Training Consultancy orchestrates preparing program for the staffs, along these lines it is required to keep up both the individual and relational information and ability for better correspondence. As per Watsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Manheim et al. (2012), another social issue proposes the shirking of the representatives in the work environment. These representatives keep away from correspondence with different workers and keep up separations in specific gatherings. A few representatives likewise neglect to act as indicated by the authoritative structure of the concerned association. Same things occurred with XYZ Training Consultant, as the preparation specialist couldn't concur with the choice of Fiona and left the organization. There are additionally a few issues with respect to the contentions among singular representatives and group related issues. Every one of these issues can be settled with potential and successful plans in vital way (Argote 2012). Be that as it may, Tim and Fiona additionally attempted to determine the current issues with legitimate relational abilities. As half, specialists have left the concerned organization, thusly, the administration should see successful systems to determine those issues as it impact the matter of the association. So as to determine the issues, Tim, Fiona and the preparation advisors are exceptionally engaged with the each part of this business. Indeed, even a totally new reviewing framework has been elevates so as to gauge the presentation and exercises f the specialists. Tim overhauled the strategies and methods of the association so as to improve the dynamic force with the decrease of self-sufficiency. Different staffs of the associations should think of powerful answers for the issues related association conduct despite the fact that they are not part of the issue. All the issues ought to be settled n brief period so as to achieve the focused on position in the market of Malaysia. References Argote, L.

How to Quit Cell Phone Addiction and Be More Present

How to Quit Cell Phone Addiction and Be More Present Addiction Addictive Behaviors Internet Print 5 Tips to Help You Put Down Your Phone By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on June 24, 2019 Frederic Cirou/Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Internet Caffeine Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Cell phone addiction may not be formally recognized, but for many people, the thought of not having their cell phone is impossible. As we become more and more dependent on cell phones to connect with others, organize our time, and track down information, it can seem hard to cope without it. For many people, looking at their cell phone had become a new way of navigating the social complexities of modern life. It has become a way of avoiding uncomfortable situations, as we pick up our phone to avoid unwanted attention from others, a way of meeting potential partners, thought sites like Tinder, and a way of getting constant validation by posting online and seeking likes. But staying hyperconnected can interfere with your engagement in real relationships and experiences, can cause aches and pains, and interfere with sleep. It can even lead to internet addiction if you are constantly online and unable to switch off. How to Quit Your Cell Phone Addiction and Be More Present So what should you do when you want to disconnect from your cell phone and find it difficult? These tips can help. Meet Face-to-Face Whether for business or pleasure, arrange to meet in person rather than relying on the ease of texting or talking on the phone. Replace your cell phone with face to face communication.   If you have news and you know you could see a friend later in the day, resist texting or posting your news on Facebook. Wait until you see your friend, then tell them your news verbally. This will prevent your verbal and social skills from deteriorating through overuse of texting to communicateâ€"a big problem for people with computer addiction. When you are with someone else, turn off or ignore your phone if it ringsâ€"taking a call in the middle of a conversation is the height of poor netiquette. Choose Real Over Virtual Experiences Make a conscious choice to have real rather than virtual experiences.  Instead of checking the internet for information, head to the library and pick up a book. Instead of playing video games, join a team or a chess club. Get out to see live entertainers, rather than viewing everything online. You may like the simplicity and efficiency of doing everything from your cell phone, but this wont provide you with the best or most meaningful experiences. This will improve your physical and mental health, and reduce addictive patterns of behavior. And you might just find the real world is more dynamic, multi-faceted and  enjoyable than the virtual world. Save the Bedroom for Sleep and Sex A central component of good sleep habits, keeping your bedroom for sleep and sex, and leaving your cell phone in another room of the house will not only improve your sleep quality.   It will reduce the likelihood that texting and phoning will encroach on your personal time. And if you are depending on your cell phone for sexting, internet porn, or other cybersex activities, your sex life may be heading for trouble. Value the Empty Spaces in Your Day One of the reasons we become dependent on our cell phones is because it is so easy to take them out every time you have an empty space in your day.   An unfortunate consequence of this is that it can feel like a waste of time whenever you arent checking your emails when you arent engaged in another activity. Yet the empty spaces are important for being comfortable with yourself, and the process of just being, which is an important part of mental wellness. Practicing mindfulness can help. Set Your Own Limits Instead of automatically thinking you should have your cell phone to hand at all times, set limits around when you will or will not look at it.   Deliberately leave it out of reach when you would really rather focus on some other part of your experience. You can always return calls or reply to emails later.

The Psychological Profile of Abigail William - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1955 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Management Essay Level High school Tags: Profile Essay Did you like this example? Taking a look inside a persons brain processes will explain areas of the brain the person has used in making his or her decisions. Taking those factors into consideration will either validate or invalidate ones actions. In Arthur Millers play The Crucible, Abigail William is known as a vengeful and manipulative liar to the reader. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Psychological Profile of Abigail William" essay for you Create order During the play, there are few psychological factors made known about the accusers and the accused. People in town did not question the girls intentions, but those who did take the dancing in the woods, the girls fears, and the vengeful side of Abigail William into account. Abigail Williams actions are influenced by her nature, developing adolescent brain, and the repressive society she lives in that created the hysterical mentality, and if receives the proper medical treatment and therapy, she may be able to live a fulfilling life. From the very beginning, the nature surrounding Abigail Williams initiates reasons for her actions. More accurately, the nature feeds Abigail Williams all the greater reasons to act the way she is, as her lies grow. When the townspeople show enthusiasm towards the lies, the more Abigail is encouraged by their reaction. She is so encouraged by the enthusiasm, that in the process of being in the hysterical mindset somewhere in the process, she loses self-awareness of what she is doing. Abigail forming the group of girls who share her fear of punishments begins to think and act the same. By being in a group, not only eases the girls mind from their fear, but also ensures that even if they are discovered of their lies they will not be facing punishments alone. All the girls act as if they are one person that shares the same mind as shown in the court staring full front as though hypnotized and mimicking the exact tone of Mary Warrens cry (107). By imitating Mary Warrens words and action s, the girls are able to convince the judges in court that there is indeed an evil spirit flying around town that is telling them of their evil deeds. Through nature, Abigail Williams faced sociological factors that surround Salems religious views and Court. The people especially pride themselves of their religion and their religious views. Since the town is created based upon their religion, and because people in town grew up in such confinement to those guidelines, that guides their actions, they forget their unique characteristics. So when the topic of witchcraft is brought up into town, it sets in among all classes when the balance began to turn towards to a greater individual freedom (6) someone like Abigail William who disrupts their peace and wants to seek out her true desires. Such adamantly rigid society of course implies that any form of individuality will be considered subversive and dangerous (Bonnet). No one in town prepares themselves for a rebellion because everyone believes that no one could have bloomed from anything if there is no seed to bloom rebels to begin with. Abigail begins the state of bedlam in town, so w hen people are accused of witchcraft people believe it because it did not matter to them whether the people are innocent or not, they just want to purge any form of sin and possibility of individuality. People lose their senses of morality when facing such scenario. Abigail is aware of this weakness and that is why she keeps going with her lies until other people come to the awaken of their morality sense. Playing in a safe environment in which the children felt free to express themselves without fear of negative repercussions (Burman, Sondra, and Paul-Allen-Meares) is not offered to the girls or kids in Salem. The girls fear the punishments so their actions are guided by their fear. Mary Warren knew the power Abigail holds over the court, so when John Proctor continuously encourage her she reacts by staring in horror: I cannot! (109). Throughout the court scene, Mary Warren thought that to survive the whole trial she needs to follow the person who held the most power, that is Abig ail, and so she succumbs herself to her fear. Making the most contribution to Abigail Williams actions, is her adolescent brain. Her brain explains the cause to her irrational and impulsive thinking. The reason that starts all this chaos is her decision to outweigh the rewards for making accusations than the possible consequences for lying. Given the power to lie, Abigail takes the opportunity right away without a second thought, as the adolescent mind has yet to comprehend all the brains area that specialize in planning. Abigail has indirectly admitted envy is deadly sin, Mary (106) as though that confession is more for herself rather than to Mary. She is driven by her greed for John Proctor. People in the grip of unfulfilled needs or desires and therefore emotionally fraught (Evans xvii), Abigail is filled with desires for someone who she knows she should not be involved with, but for that reason it draws her in to the mess. The whole trial gave her the sensation of excitement that intrigues her to continue her act. Like teens typically outweigh the reward to an action over future consequence. To her, the nineteen lives meant nothing if she achieves what she wanted achieve since the beginning. However her unhappy needs will become a net that will enmesh them all (Evans xviii). The end result of the play portrays that because of her selfish desires nothing was achieved and instead the worst possible outcome came true which force Abigail to flee town for a better chance of escaping death punishment. The repressive society, that is Salem, is credited to Abigails greed for power and wants. Starting with the fact that females in Salem are not given the permission to have a say or action to anything at all. For the women, such as Abigail, witchcraft may be a way of asserting their will and their power in a system centered on and dominated by men (Bonnet). Historians have found that the majority of those who profess to witchcraft are women. This shows that women only profess to such practice is because they seek for power in any way or form they can. Through the confession of witchcraft and the trial, Abigail felt a sense of power and control for the first time. Not only did Abigail feel the power and control, she had but a sense of freedom where she is allowed to express her emotions openly. All these feelings are foreign to her because before the trial Abigail was just another servant with no say or control about anything at all. A strict society like Salem does not allow individuals to have the privilege of individuality because the people in town fear that when an individual shows independent characteristic, they are opposing the peace in town. A a very closely knit society, consequently, prone to a certain amount of intolerance towards any form of opposition or dissent (Bonnet). Recalling the dancing in the woods, the people look upon such action as a sign of rebellion from the girls. When the topic of a murdering witch among us, bound to keep herself in the dark (15) brought up in town, it creates the feeling of betrayal because in a place like Salem individual, who dares to repress their intentions in a Society where secrets are not allowed, is considered a criminal. The secrecy makes the people paranoid, which eventually causes the hysterical mentality. The townspeople feel as if they cannot trust anyones words. They choose to go along with the hysteria because they are given the opportunity to express what they have been repressing and the ability to act out on their true greed. The trial is as if a breath of fresh air, pungent of the greed and evil intentions the people, had stored up. It also acts as a mask that covers up the peoples evil goods. A man cannot organize his social life without repressions, and the balance has yet to be struck between order and freedom (7). A persons social life needs the balance between order and freedom. Order to guide proper function, but at the same time freedom to freely express oneself. Comparing Abigail William to a real life example of a victim who goes through post-traumatic stress disorder, the comparison shows sign of similar symptoms which explains most of Abigail Williams actions to why she acts the she does in the play. A person with post-traumatic stress disorder would have the same recurring memory of the event that causes the trauma. Abigail has confront to the girls that she saw Indians smash [her] dear parents heads on the pillow next to [hers] ( 19) goes to show the reader how often she thinks about such event and the effects it has on her. The lost of her parents led her to be deprives of affection and intimate relations. When a child witnesses his or her parents death, he or she will finds it difficult to trust a person he or she meets. If discourages by a guardian of any social interaction the child will faces future consequences of the lack of social life. So when Abigail opens up to John Proctor, the relationship they form is the closest thing A bigail has to the feeling of being need. John Proctor to Abigail is the light of [her eye] (22). She looks John Proctor as someone she can depends and be presents when she needs him. Abigail exclaiming that [she] look for John Proctor that took [her] from [her] sleep and put knowledge in [her] heart! (22). Abigail misses the kind of person, John is to her, a person who would not lie and confine her of her individual qualities. This creates Abigails reasons to go against the court and spourt lies about their people because she simply believes that Salem is at fault for the reasons why John leaves her. When a child of post-traumatic stress disorder is denied of something, his or her first reaction would involve violence towards the people around them. Abigails way for coping with John leaving, is to take revenge against the people in town. Had Abigail received proper therapy treatments as a child, she would not have reason to come up with her lies and have an unstable mindset. For a child who has post-traumatic stress disorder, the child would be required to go through cognitive-behavioral techniques such as role modeling, observational learning of appropriate behaviors (especially self- control and handling anger) by behavior rehearsal in groups, and social skills training in peer groups were incorporated into the treatment (Burman, Sondra, and Paula Allen-Meares). Unfortunately for Abigail William, none of what is listed seem to be present for her. She especially lacks a role model. Her uncle, Reverend Parris, plants fear of what would happen if the words got out about her dancing in the words naked, but the reason for him to say such things are because he fears when the words do get out his reputation would be ruined. From the very beginning, Abigail was never taught or exposed to positive and appropriate behaviors that would have help her reflects on her actions. By taking the nature perspective, developing brain and repressive society that Abigail William lives in, allow readers to form an opinion whether her actions can be validate or invalidate by taking all those factors into consideration. It is unfortunate to learn that Abigail was not offered help by those who knows about her past and for that reason she can not be the best person she can be. Before judging a persons action, one must take everything about the person into perspective and then determine whether the persons action can be reasonably explain.

My Visit to Centennial Village Historical Site in Greeley

I was pleasantly surprised on how much I enjoyed visiting the Centennial Village historical site in Greeley. I happened to visit this museum on the perfect day because there were children from different schools dressed up and â€Å"living† how the people in Northern Colorado lived more than 100 years ago. With the children all dressed up like people used to dress, and doing the chores that they used to take on really made it the feel like I was back in time. I got to experience dozens of historical sites, live animals, schools, and businesses that really helped me understand part of Northern Colorado’s history. One of my favorite parts about this museum was how we got to see all the different immigrants homes that made this region so culturally diverse. If I were living in Colorado around these times I most likely would be living in a Stone House because teachers typically lived in these types of houses. These houses where located on Eagle’s Nest Ranch right out of Greeley and were made up of stones. These houses where primarily made up for ranchers and teachers. Another type of house is called the Swedish-American House, (STUGA) these homes tend to be a little nicer than the Stone houses and reflect a blend of Old and New World Culture. These one room framed dwellings with a boxer roof were typically houses for the Swedish immigrants. Another group that migrated to Northern Colorado was the Spanish. They migrated to Weld County to take advantage of the jobs that were created

Chapter Summary Notes Free Essays

Adam Smith – argued the economic advantages of vision of labor, and the breakdown of Jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks, known as Job specialization. Division of labor increased productivity by increasing each worker’s skill and dexterity, by saving time lost in changing tasks. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Summary Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 18th Century – Industrial Revolution – the main contribution of the Industrial revolution was that human power was replaced by machine power, which then made it more economical to manufacture goods In factories rather than at home. Large, efficient factories require managerial skills, as they had to ensure that demand was met, enough eternal was on hand to continue production, assign tasks to people, direct daily activities, coordinate various tasks, ensure the machines were still running efficiently and were kept in good condition while maintaining standards, etc. There are 6 different approaches to management: 1. Scientific management: an approach that involves using scientific methods to define the ‘one best way for a Job to be done. The aim of this method is to make organizations and workers be as efficient as possible. Frederick W. Taylor was one of the first to Introduce methods of scientific management. He Introduced 4 principles of management: a. Develop a science for each element of an Individual’s work with standardized work Implements and efficient methods for all to follow b. Scientifically select workers with skills and abilities that match each job and train them in the most efficient ways to accomplish tasks c. Ensure cooperation through incentives and provide the work environment that reinforces optimal work results in a scientific manner d. Vivid responsibility for managing and for working, while supporting individuals in work groups doing what they do best. Some people are more capable of managing, whereas others are better at performing tasks laid out to them. These guidelines are still used today for improving efficiency and production. They are used when managers analyses the basic work tasks that must be performed, use time-and-motion study to eliminate wasted motions, hire the best-qualified workers for a Job and design incentive systems based on output. . General administrative theory: an approach to management that focuses on describing what managers do and what constituted good management practice. There were 2 significant theorists in developing this method: Henry Offal and Max Weber. Henry planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. He stated 14 principles of management, which are fundamental rules of management that could be taught and applied to all organizational situations. They include: a) division of work – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient b) authority: managers must be able to give orders c) discipline: employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization d) unity of command: every employee should receive orders from only nee superior e) unity of direction: organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers f) subordination of individual interests to the general interest: interests of one employee should not take precedence of the organization as a whole g) remuneration: workers must be paid a fair wage for their services h) concentration: the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making I) scalar chain: line of authority from top to bottom j) order: people and materials should be in the right place at the right time k) equity: managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates l) stability of tenure of response: management should provide orderl y personnel planning to ensure that replacement are available to fill vacancies m) initiative: employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort n) esprit De corps: promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization Max Weber: he developed a theory of authority structures based on an ideal type of organization he called a bureaucracy: a form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. 3. Initiative approach: the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making. Total Quality Management: a philosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations. This approach has contributed directly to managerial decision making in the areas of planning and control, such as when managers need to budget, schedule, quality control and similar decisions are made. 4. Organizational behavior: a field of study concerned with the actions (behaviors) of people at work. Hawthorne studies: a series of studies during the sass and ass that provided insight into individual and group behavior. Human relations movement: the belief, for the most part unsubstantiated by research, that a satisfied worker will be productive. Behavioral science theorists: psychologists and sociologists who relied on scientific method for study of organizational behavior. 5. Yeasts approach: known as one of the contemporary approaches. It is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. Closed systems: systems that are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment. How to cite Chapter Summary Notes, Papers

On August 6, 1945 The Atomic Bomb Was Dropped On The Essays - Japan

On August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Tibbetts, was chosen to make the mission. The mission was recorded as successful by Capt. William S. Parson at 9:20 A.M. This was an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States. Was the United States justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb? Yes, they were justified formany reasons. The primary reason was, that it would stop the war. Why is it that this war needed to be stopped so badly? Even though in some ways it was helping our economy, it was very costly in both money and lives. Also, the United States soldiers were undergoing harsh treatment by the unmerciful Japanese. Another reason the war needed to be stopped was to defend ourselves from another attack on U.S. soil, which in turn would kill many of our U.S. citizens. This is why the war needed to be stopped; thus, justifying the use of the atomic bomb. World War II was the costliest war in history, in terms of lives lost. No exact figures exist, but approximately between 15 and 20 million military personnel were killed. Of these, 292,000 were Americans and 6,000 innocent United States citizens were murdered by our enemies. It has been estimated that if the United States had not dropped the bomb and had invaded Japan instead, the United States would have lost about a million soldiers. The Japanese suicidal fighting strategies greatly effected this number. The Japanese would rather die than surrender. This is demonstrated by the battle of Saipan. At this battle over half of the population of Saipan walked off a cliff instead of surrendering to the United States. This was often very effective. Many times when a Japanese soldier decided to blow himself up instead of surrendering he would kill many Americans with the same blast. Also the kamikaze techniques of the Japanese fighters killed many soldiers. If this war would have continued we could have lost thousands more. Also up to this point we spent 300 billion dollars on war efforts. Many materials and other objects were damaged. Any estimate on how much money was lost in damages would be futile. This number would have continued to rise if it had not been for the use of the atomic bomb. The horrendous atrocities that occurred during World War II were unmerciful as well as unnecessary. During one invasion of China, the rape of Nanking, the Japanese killed 100,000 Chinese civilians. They were burned, butchered, and raped. Sometimes the Japanese would tie a big group of them together and use them for bayonet and sword practice. After the fall of Bataan the soldiers were forced to go on a death march. During this march many unheard of things happened to the soldiers. A soldier was often killed for trying to get a drink of water. If a soldier fell down the Japanese would either bayonet them or knock them unconscious. Once they were knocked unconscious, the Japanese then forced another American soldier to bury the unconscious soldier alive. One soldier once commented, "The worst time was once when a burial victim with about six inches of earth over him suddenly regained consciousness and clawed his way out until he was almost sitting upright. Then I learned to what length a man will go to hang onto his life. The bayonets began to prod me in the side and I was forced to bash the soldier over the head with the shovel and then finish burying him."(Kappler, Pg. 168) This harsh treatment to innocent civilians and our soldiers needed to stop. The atomic bomb was a way to stop it. On December 7, 1941," A day that will live in infamy," Pearl Harbor was deliberately attacked by the Japanese. Reports indicate that 2400 people were killed and 1300 were wounded. The reason Japan bombed Pearl Harbor was because that was where all of our Navy ships were positioned. They were hoping to take out the Navy and were almost successful. The aircraft carriers were expected to be in the harbor, but luckily were not. Although the attack may have been a military success in the minds of the Japanese it became a huge mistake in the final analysis. One reason it was a mistake was it caused the U.S. to enter the war. We were the ultimate cause to Japan losing the war. Secondly it made the Americans angry and determined to destroy the Japanese. Many congressmen volunteered for active duty, asking for a one day respite to cast their vote for war. Also recruiting offices were flooded with

How Fraud Impacts an AIS essays

How Fraud Impacts an AIS essays a. E-commerce sites and their security is there any impact of the cost of their security on the prices they charge? As more and more consumers make purchases online, e-commerce continues to grow. With this growth comes an increased prevalence of threats to e-commerce sites. As such, security is a significant issue for organizations that operate an e-commerce site, specifically security protecting the site's online payment system. Some of these attacks have utilized vulnerabilities that have been published in reusable third-party components utilized by websites, such as shopping cart software. Other attacks have used vulnerabilities that are common in any web application, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting (Mookhey, 2004). For this reason, security must be built into the web application, beginning with the design phase. This added focus on creating secure and impenetrable e-commerce sites requires significant additional costs during the site's development phase. These additional costs must be figured into start up costs and offset by increased pricing to the consumer. In addition, as threats are continually developed to work around security measures, e-commerce owners must continue to revamp their site to address these new threats. This continued development adds additional costs to site maintenance, which is then passed onto the consumer as increases to pricing. b. Impact of automatic reordering of inventory/monitoring inventory levels - Inventory shortages/shrinkage for a company who uses self-checkouts, has large inventory, etc. Fraudulent activity can also negatively affect automatic reordering of inventory. One of the more recent innovations is the use of self-checkout. Self-checkout involves consumers scanning and paying for their items, without the assistance of a cashier. Primary challenges to inventory and monitoring of inventory levels, occur when items are either acci...

Raoults Law Definition in Chemistry

Raoult's Law Definition in Chemistry Raoults law is a chemical law that relates the the vapor pressure of a  solution is dependent on the mole fraction of a solute added to solution.Raoults Law is expressed by the formula:Psolution ÃŽ §solventP0solventwherePsolution is the vapor pressure of the solutionÃŽ §solvent is mole fraction of the solventP0solvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solventIf more than one solute is added to the solution, each individual solvents component is added to the total pressure. Raoults law is akin to the ideal gas law, except for solution. The ideal gas law assumes ideal behavior in which the intermolecular forces between dissimilar molecules equals forces between similar molecules. Raoults law assumes the physical properties of the components of a chemical solution are identical. Deviations From Raoult's Law If there are adhesive or cohesive forces between two liquids, there will be deviations from Raoults law. There is negative deviation when the vapor pressure is lower than expected from the law. This occurs when forces between particles are stronger than those between particles in pure liquids. This behavior is observed in a mixture of chloroform and acetone. Here, hydrogen bonds cause the deviation. Another example of negative deviation is in a solution of hydrochloric acid and water. Positive deviation occurs when the cohesion between similar molecules exceeds adhesion between unlike molecules. The result is higher than expected vapor pressure. Both components of the mixture escape solution more readily than if the components were pure. This behavior is observed in mixtures of benzene and methanol and mixtures of chloroform and ethanol. Sources Raoult, F. M. (1886). Loi gà ©nà ©rale des tensions de vapeur des dissolvants (General law of vapor pressures of solvents), Comptes rendus, 104 : 1430-1433.Rock, Peter A. (1969). Chemical Thermodynamics. MacMillan. p.261 ISBN 1891389327.

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Project - Essay Example The bathroom appliances mentioned above all have sustainable substitutes including eco-bath systems, recycling bath systems, shallow soakers, and sink-toilet hybrids (Trend Hunter). The eco-bath system is connected to the sink to facilitate the channeling of water from the sink to the toilet gallery (Nazarali). This helps to conserve water that would have otherwise been drained away after use. The recycling bath system is a quantum leap from the eco-bath system. It not only collects used water from the shower and sink, but also has a purifier that recycles the used water and stores it in an inbuilt 80-liter tank (Young). This means that apart from flushing the toilet, the recycled water can also be used for irrigation. Shallow soakers are good alternatives to bathtubs because they save more water compared to the latter. Furthermore, they have a mechanism that helps to keep the bath warm, therefore, enhance power saving. The soaker achieves this by continually releasing foam, which helps to keep the temperature of the water constantly warm (Roblin). The only shortcoming with the soaker is that it might not be as cozy as a bathtub. Finally, the sink-toilet hybrid has a urinal with an incorporated sink so that water running from the sink immediately after use serves to flush the urinal (Luu). The brand name of the eco-bath is â€Å"Jang Woo Seoks Eco Bath System† and it goes for roughly $100 (Alibaba.com). The toilet-sink hybrid is not very sophisticated so it should go for at most $50. The soaker – The FLOU Foaming Bathtub– should also not cost more than $100. Although the recycling bath system is exorbitant, it is a worthwhile

Responsible tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Responsible tourism - Essay Example However, the Park has untapped natural resources such as rivers, rocks, lava flow and dust-elephants. All of these can be utilized to generate streams of revenues for the survival and growth of the region. Literature on responsible tourism suggests that poverty alleviation is possible if all the stakeholders work in cooperation to achieved the defined goals. However, this requires all the stakeholders to accept and discharge responsibility. Through a case study analysis it has been identified that the locals play a critical role in the sustainable development of any region. Motivating the locals becomes a major issue which can be shouldered by the NGOs. The tourists, the hotel operators and the tour operators, each have responsibility towards sustainable development. ... km. It is nine times bigger than the Maasai Mara National Reserve (Expert Africa, n.d.). The Park lies to the east of the Nairobi –Mombasa road, equidistant between Nairobi and Mombasa, amidst flora and fauna, and the meandering Galana River (Kenya Wildlife Service, 2013). The Tsavo river flows west to east through the national park, it borders the Chyulu Hills National Park and the Mkomazi Game Reserve in Tanzania. The climate here is warm and dry. The Tsavo East National Park was once home to 35,000 elephants, reduced 4,300 by 1988 due to poaching from Somalia (Joshua, 1993). However, under pressure from conservationists and western donors, and under new leadership, corruption was cleaned up and there was ban on trading in ivory. Investments were brought in which facilitated the growth of herds; tourism too picked up as infrastructure was enhanced. The elephant population in the entire Tsavo ecosystem as of 2011 was 12,570 (McKnight, n.d.). The biggest draw of the Park is th e herds of dust-red elephants that bulldoze their way around. Visitors to the park can watch wildlife under a huge sky and experience the wilderness in solitude (Expert Africa, n.d.). In addition, is the Aruba Dam, located on the North Bank of the Voi River, which makes a great game viewing destination. Other attractions include Mudanda Rock, the longest lava flow in the world and Lugard falls. The Park houses the largest mammals, Rhinos, buffaloes, lions, leopards, hippo, crocodile, Gerenuk and Hirola (Kenya Wildlife Service, 2013). 1.2 Aim of this report The aims of this report are as follows: To evaluate the concept of responsibility and sustainability in tourism To analyse a case study in terms of sustainable and responsible tourism To establish an appropriate

The Philosophical Investigations Essay examples -- Philosophy Philosop

The Philosophical Investigations ABSTRACT: The Philosophical Investigations is an inherently pedagogical work. Wittgenstein claims throughout his later writings to be teaching a method and this method is both philosophical and pedagogical. It is the claim of this paper that if we do not take Wittgenstein's methodological claim seriously, we do not engage with the text in the manner for which it was written. Consequently, we begin and end in the wrong places and the text becomes (in the words of Wittgenstein) 'variously misunderstood, more or less mangled and watered-down.' Â §1 is philosophically and pedagogically complex. It presents the philosophical problems to which Wittgenstein will respond in the text which follows and it also, significantly, presents their solution. An investigation of the philosophical and pedagogical questions raised in the opening remark of the Investigations will demonstrate that we have not yet begun to use Wittgenstein's method and his writings to their full potential. The Philosophical Investigations is an inherently pedagogical work. Wittgenstein claims throughout his later writings to be teaching a method, and this method is both philosophical and pedagogical. According to Moore and Fann he remarked to the effect that it did not matter whether his results were true or not, what mattered was that a method had been found (Moore 1993: 113). During the 1930s Wittgenstein also described the Investigations as a textbook; 'a textbook, however, not in that it provides knowledge (Wissen), but rather in that it stimulates thinking (Denken)'. (1) He claimed that the remarks which he wrote enabled him to teach philosophy well. (2) Although generally acknowledged within the secondary literature, these me... ...hers. Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1968) Philosophical Investigations, trans. G. E. M. Anscombe, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. __________ (1969) The Blue and Brown Books: Preliminary Studies for the 'Philosophical Investigations', Oxford: Basil Blackwell. __________ (1980) Culture and Value, eds. G. H. von Wright and H. Nyman, trans. P. Winch, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. __________ (1982) Wittgenstein's Lectures 1932-1935, ed. Alice Ambrose, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. __________ (1988) Wittgenstein's Lectures on Philosophical Psychology 1967-47, ed. P. T. Geach, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. __________ (1993) Philosophical Occasions 1912-1951, eds J. Klagge and A. Nordman, Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. __________ (1993) 'Philosophy' in Philosophical Occasions 1912-1951, eds J. Klagge and A. Nordman, Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.

Aum Shinrikyo Terrorist Group

Introduction The Aum Shinrikyo is a Japanese ‘New Religious Movement Organisation’ but they are also labelled as a terrorist organisation in many countries across the world. The group originated in 1984, in Japan. It started as a cult where the founder and leader, Shoko Asahara, promised followers that they would have the power to hover or levitate if they joined. Since its establishment in 1984, it has committed at least two terrorist attacks. The group was popular in the 1990’s and had many members (10,000 in Japan and approximately 30,000 in Russia) but following the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, the numbers diminished due to the group being targeted by the police. They changed the name of the organisation from Aum Shinrikyo to Aleph. History The infamous Cult began in 1987 and was founded by Shoko Asahara. Aum Shinrikyo has elements of Buddhism and Christianity although Christians and Buddhists have no association to the group. The founder, Shoko Asahara, was born in 1957 and is partially blind. He spent his life studying acupuncture which is a common career in Japan for the blind. He was arrested by the Japanese authorities and held in prison for a short period for selling useless medicines to cure diseases, with the claim that they give the user special powers. He later travelled in the Himalayas where he supposedly learnt his divine powers and was teleported to the year 2006 where he spoke to soldiers who had survived World War III. Asahara formed the Cult in 1987 in a small yoga studio and convinced people that if they joined they would have special powers such as the ability to levitate and they would fight in World War III, which was to occur at the end of the millennium. Asahara grew a beard when he started the Cult as a way of appearing as a mystic. The reason the Cult was able to recruit so many members was that the vulnerable sought the belief that they could posse supernatural powers and could achieve a different life to the busy, non-stop working life of most people in Japan. The Cult members were loyal to Asahara and treated him as a type of ‘Christ’. He brainwashed his followers and taught a range of extreme theories such as the doomsday and apocalypse that was his World War III. He brainwashed people into thinking that if they left they would die in the apocalypse and there were cases of members leaving and being killed by other members, acting on Asaharas orders. In 2000, the name of the organisation was changed from Aum Shinrikyo to Aleph. Aleph is the first letter of the Jewish alphabet. It is somewhat of an enigma that they changed the name to Aleph as the group is strongly opposed to Judaism. The reason for the change of name served to prove to the public they had changed and were no longer Anti-Semitic and to recruit new members that were unaware of the Cult’s previous history. The Cult still exists today, although many countries such as Australia and the USA have placed Aleph and Aum Shinrikyo on terrorist alert lists. Interestingly, Japan has not classed Aleph as a terrorist organisation, yet and current worldwide membership as of 2005 is 1,650 according to Japanese government records. Chemical Weapons The Aum Shinrikyo made sarin using over the counter products purchased at a chemist and processed themselves. The Aum Shinrikyo maintained large warehouses where they would develop nerve agents and other chemical weapons. The Cult even had a headquarters in Western Australia that was closed at the end of 1993. In Western Australian it is asserted they tested chemical weapons (Sarin gas and VX which is the most toxic nerve agent created and is classed as a Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) by the United States) on 29 sheep. The Cult also maintained chemical warehouses throughout Japan but in many cases, local residents petitioned for them to move away. Tokyo Subway Sarin Gas Attacks In 1995 the Aum Shinrikyo committed the first, and worst, of their terrorist attacks. In the early morning rush hour on the Tokyo subway, five Aum Shinrikyo members each released two bags of the lethal chemical, Sarin and the attack was carried out at peak hour in the subway stations where there was the largest number of people and greatest potential impact. The perpetrators were driven to the designated subway stations carrying 2 bags of liquid Sarin wrapped in newspaper. Some wore disguises while others had medical masks (which are quite common in Japan). All boarded the subway carriages and placed the bags on the floor, puncturing them with umbrellas before hopping off at the next stop. The liquid evaporated and commuters began to feel light headed and nauseas. The subway carriages were forced to stop and were then evacuated. At one station a commuter told a staff member of a leaking bag which the staff member immediately picked up with her hands and then placed in a bin – the staff member died shortly after. Chaos followed outside the subway stations as Tokyo’s road systems were already congested with traffic and emergency services found it difficult to reach victims. In total, 12 people died, 50 were severely injured and possibly 1000 more had temporary blindness and vision loss. The attack remains to this day the worst terrorist attack committed in Japan. Aum’s Other Illegal Activities Although the 1995 Tokyo Subway Sarin Gas attacks received the most publicity, it is certainly not the only terrorist and illegal act. The second most notorious and infamous reason for the Cult’s media coverage were the Sakamoto murders. Sakamoto was an anti-cult lawyer who was working against the Aum Shinrikyo in 1989. Sakamoto convinced Asahara to take a blood test to see if there was anything unusual in his body that would give him his supernatural powers. The test came back normal suggesting suggest that Asahara was a fraud and had no supernatural powers. This would have been devastating for recruitment into the Aum Shinrikyo and embarrassing to Asahara. This was the reason Asahara sent his loyal followers to kill Sakamoto and his family. The method they chose to kill Sakamoto and his family was with 14 hypodermic syringes filled with potassium chloride and their bodies were mutilated to hinder identification. The perpetrators were only arrested and prosecuted because other members of the Cult were linked to the sarin gas attacks gave evidence. There has also been evidence and accusations that the Aum Shinrikyo had torture chambers at some of the warehouses and headquarters. It is asserted that they placed members who tried to leave the Cult in large shipping containers where they deprived them of sleep along with committing other tortures before then killing them. ———————– Shoko Asahara – A very famous photo of Asahara on trial in Japan. This photo has had a lot of coverage and even taking the cover of Time Magazine. Source: www. my. dek-d. com The clean up after the Sarin Gas attacks on the subway. Source: www. angelingo. usc. edu Large containers of Chemical weapons such as Sarin and VX were found in an Aum Shinrikyo warehouse throughout Japan and one in Western Australia. Source: http://www. semp. us This image shows many test tubes filled with the deadly gas used in the Tokyo Subway attacks, Sarin. Source: jafproject. net/images3/sarin. jpg This photo was taken outside a subway station after the Sarin was released. The gas made people feel nauseas and sick and they can often loose their sight or even die. These victims are most likely only suffering from temporary blindness. Source:http://www. semp. us/_images/biots/Biot171PhotoA. jpg Tsutsumi Sakamoto, his wife and one year old son. This photo was taken shortly before they were brutally murdered by members of Aum Shinrikyo under Shoko Asaharas orders. Source: http://japanfocus. org A wanted photo that has been stuck on a wall outside a subway station where two sarin bags were released. The photos are of the perpetrators, Ikuo Hayashi, Kenichi Hirose, Toru Toyoda, Masato Yokoyama and Yasuo Hayashi. Source:http://content. answers. com Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo#1995_Tokyo_sarin_gas_attacks_and_related_incidents http://www. religioustolerance. org/dc_aumsh. htm www. angelingo. usc. edu

The Ability Of All Citizens To Participate In Politics

The ability of all citizens to participate in politics is a fundamental right established by international law and implemented within Australia (austliii). This ensures effective and active civic participation within the nation, which Australia, as a democratic country, needs. However, marginalised groups within Australian society face barriers to their civic engagement, attributable to a number of hindering factors often out of their control. This essay aims to examine Ian Macfarlane’s speech â€Å"I’ve changed my mind, we picked the wrong date†, and its relation to the national issue of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander civic participation, or lack thereof, in Australia. Ian Macfarlane is a former Australian politician with the Liberal†¦show more content†¦Macfarlane’s speech is inherently linked to the notion of civic participation within the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. In order to holistically understand civil engagement amongst Indigenous Australians, we must first look historically at their place within Australia’s political society. Despite being the nation’s first inhabitants, Indigenous Australians were not granted the right to vote until 1962 when the Commonwealth Electoral Act (1918) was amended by the Menzies Government (refernce). Furthermore, Indigenous Australians were not formally recognised within the census, nor was the Commonwealth able to make laws in relation to them, until the successful 1967 referendum which amended sections 51 and 127 of the Constitution (refernce). Whilst this was an important step towards increasing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander political participation , it is still extremely problematic, as it removed all references to Indigenous Australians from the Constitution completely. The Australian Constitution therefore fails to acknowledge history prior to settlement, presenting Australia’s national narrative as beginning with British arrival (refernce). This historical misrepresentation of Aboriginals in the Constitution, which is still highly problematic today, holds the roots of the low levels of civic engagement within the Indigenous community. The overwhelming IndigenousShow MoreRelatedThe Political Culture Of Politics1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe term ‘politics’ itself has changed over many years. To ask if the evolution of political culture changes how people participate in politics is simple. The answer is yes. To begin with, let’s define political culture; ‘Authors define the term political culture as the particular distribution of patterns of orientation towards political objects among the me mbers of a nation’ (Almond and Verba 1963: 13 cited in Welzel and Inglehart, 2014 p.285). 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